Diet - heart disease

A healthy diet and lifestyle can reduce your risk of:

• Heart disease, heart attacks, and stroke
• Conditions that lead to heart disease, including high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and obesity
• Other chronic health problems, including type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and some forms of cancer

Most fruits and vegetables are appropriate for a heart-healthy diet. They are good sources of fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Most are low in fat, calories, sodium, and cholesterol.

Dairy products and milk are good sources of protein, calcium, the B vitamins niacin and riboflavin, and the vitamins A and D. Use skim, 1/2%, or 1% milk. Cheese, yogurt, and buttermilk should be low-fat or nonfat.

Eat low-fat breads, cereals, crackers, rice, pasta, and starchy vegetables (like peas, potatoes, corn, winter squash, and lima beans). These foods are high in the B vitamins, iron, and fiber. At the same time, they are low in fat and cholesterol.

Avoid baked goods such as butter rolls, cheese crackers, and croissants, cream sauces for pasta and vegetables, and cream soups.

Meat, poultry, seafood, dried peas, lentils, nuts, and eggs are good sources of protein, the B vitamins, iron, and other vitamins and minerals.

• Eat skinless poultry, very lean beef, lamb, veal, and pork, lentils, legumes, dried beans and peas, egg whites, and wild game.
• Avoid duck, goose, marbled meats (such as a ribeye steak), prime cuts of high-fat meats, organ meats such as kidneys and liver, and prepared meats such as sausage, frankfurters, and high-fat lunch meats.

Limit oils and fats. They are high in fat and calories, and people should eat less of all types of fat. Some fats are better choices than others but should still be used in moderate amounts.

• Use liquid vegetable oils such as safflower, soybean, corn, sesame, olive, canola, avocado, and cottonseed. Use margarines made from any of these oils in their tub or squeeze form, not their stick form. Salad dressings and mayonnaise should be made with the recommended oils.
• Seeds, nuts, olives, avocados, and peanut butter are also acceptable in moderate amounts.
• Avoid butter, lard, bacon, shortening, sour cream, whipping cream, and coconut, palm, or palm kernel oil. These contain saturated fats and are not recommended.

Diet recommendations for children over the age of 2 years are similar to those of adults. Children and teenagers must have enough calories to support growth and activity level while they achieve and maintain a desirable body weight.

Children following low-fat diets may have difficulty maintaining desired levels of growth. Consult a physician or dietitian for assistance in planning adequate low-fat meals for children and adolescents.

A consultation with a registered dietitian is helpful. The American Heart Association has local chapters in every state. They are an excellent resource for information on heart disease.

• Maintain your ideal body weight and balance the number of calories you eat with the number you use each day. You can ask a dietician or a health care professional to help you determine these numbers.
• Limit your intake of foods high in calories or low in nutrition, including foods like soft drinks and candy that have lots of sugars.
• Eat five or more servings per day of fruits and vegetables.
• Eat six or more servings per day of grain products, including whole grains. Grain products provide fiber, vitamins, minerals, and complex carbohydrates. The daily calories should be appropriate for the maintenance of desirable body weight and should support growth in children and adolescents.
• Reduce total fat intake. Limit foods high in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, and partially hydrogenated oils. Reduce or avoid saturated fat when possible. Saturate fat raises your cholesterol level. Choose liquid or tub margarine, canola oil, or olive oil. These have 2g or less of saturated fat per serving.
• Eat less than 300 mg of dietary cholesterol daily. (For example, one egg yolk contains an average of 213 mg.)
• Limit the amount of salt (sodium chloride) you eat. You should eat less than 2,400 mg of salt per day. Check food labels, since many foods contain salt.
• Exercise regularly. For example, walk for at least 30 minutes a day.
• Limit the amount of alcohol you drink. Women should have no more than one alcoholic drink (such as red wine) per day. Men should not drink more than two. While major studies have linked some alcohol consumption to health benefits, excessive drinking can do more harm than good.

EATING TIPS

• To reduce fat and cholesterol, eat no more than 6 cooked ounces of meat, poultry, and fish daily. One serving of meat should be about the size of a deck of cards on your plate.
• Use skinless turkey, chicken, fish, or lean red meat to reduce the amount of saturated fat in your diet. Lean, 3 ounce cuts of red meat may be used occasionally.
• Trim all the visible fat prior to cooking the meat. Eat two servings of fish per week. Cook by baking, broiling, roasting, steaming, boiling, or microwaving rather than deep fat frying. For the main entree, use less meat or have meatless meals a few times a week. Use smaller amounts of meat to reduce the total fat content of the meal. Use no more than 5-8 teaspoons of fats or oils per day for salads, cooking, and baking.
• To reduce high cholesterol, do not use more than 3-4 egg yolks per week, including eggs used in cooking. Eat less organ meat (such as liver) and shellfish (such as shrimp and lobster).
• To reduce salt, reduce the amount of table salt used, and limit the use of prepared foods that have salt added to them, such as canned soups and vegetables, cured meats, and some frozen meals. Always check the nutrition label for the sodium content per serving.